War of 1812 Overview - Campaigns of 1814

1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace A Changing Landscape As 1813 came to a close, the British began to focus their attention on the war with the United States. This began as an increase in naval strength which saw the Royal Navy expand and tighten their full commercial blockade of the American coast. This effectively eliminated the majority of American commerce which led to regional shortages and inflation. The situation continued to worsen with the fall of Napoleon in March 1814. Though initially heralded by some in the United States, the implications of the French defeat soon became apparent as the British were now freed to increase their military presence in North America. Having failed to capture Canada or force peace during the wars first two years, these new circumstance put the Americans on the defensive and transformed the conflict into one of national survival. The Creek War As the war between the British and Americans raged, a faction of the Creek nation, known as the Red Sticks, sought to halt white encroachment into their lands in the Southeast. Agitated by Tecumseh and led by William Weatherford, Peter McQueen, and Menawa, the Red Sticks were allied with the British and received arms from the Spanish in Pensacola. Killing two families of white settlers in February 1813, the Red Sticks ignited a civil war among between the Upper (Red Stick) and Lower Creek. American forces were drawn in that July when US troops intercepted a party of Red Sticks returning from Pensacola with arms. In the resulting Battle of Burnt Corn, the American soldiers were driven away. The conflict escalated on August 30 when over 500 militia and settlers were massacred just north of Mobile at Fort Mims. In response, Secretary of War John Armstrong authorized military action against the Upper Creek as well as a strike against Pensacola if the Spanish were found to be involved. To deal with the threat, four volunteer armies were to move into Alabama with the goal of meeting at the Creek holy ground near the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. Advancing that fall, only Major General Andrew Jacksons force of Tennessee volunteers achieved meaningful success, defeating the Red Sticks at Tallushatchee and Talladega. Holding an advanced position through the winter, Jacksons success was rewarded with additional troops. Moving out from Fort Strother on March 14, 1814, he won a decisive victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend thirteen days later. Moving south into the heart of the Creek holy ground, he built Fort Jackson at the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa. From this post, he informed the Red Sticks that they were surrender and sever ties with the British and Spanish or be c rushed. Seeing no alternative, Weatherford made peace and concluded the Treaty of Fort Jackson that August. By the terms of the treaty, the Creek ceded 23 million acres of land to the United States. Changes Along the Niagara After two years of embarrassments along the Niagara frontier, Armstrong appointed a new group of commanders to achieve victory. To lead American forces, he turned to newly promoted Major General Jacob Brown. An active commander, Brown had successfully defended Sackets Harbor the previously year and was one of a few officers to have escaped the 1813 St. Lawrence expedition with his reputation intact. To support Brown, Armstrong provided a group of newly promoted brigadier generals which included Winfield Scott and Peter Porter. One of the few standout American officers of the conflict, Scott was quickly tapped by Brown to oversee the armys training. Going to extraordinary lengths, Scott relentlessly drilled the regulars under his command for the upcoming campaign (Map). A New Resilience To open the campaign, Brown sought to re-take Fort Erie before turning north to engage British forces under Major General Phineas Riall. Crossing the Niagara River early on July 3, Browns men succeeded in surrounding the fort and overwhelming its garrison by noon. Learning of this, Riall began moving south and formed a defensive line along the Chippawa River. The next day, Brown ordered Scott to march north with his brigade. Moving towards the British position, Scott was slowed by an advance guard led by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Pearson. Finally reaching the British lines, Scott elected to await reinforcements and withdrew a short distance south to Street Creek. Though Brown had planned a flanking movement for July 5, he was beat to the punch when Riall attacked Scott. In the resulting Battle of Chippawa, Scotts men soundly defeated the British. The battle made Scott a hero and provided a badly needed morale boost (Map). Heartened by Scotts success, Brown hoped to take Fort George and link up with Commodore Isaac Chaunceys naval force on Lake Ontario. With this done, he could begin a march westward around the lake towards York. As in the past, Chauncey proved uncooperative and Brown advanced only as far as Queenston Heights as he knew Riall was being reinforced. British strength continued to grow and command was assumed by Lieutenant General Gordon Drummond. Unsure of British intentions, Brown dropped back to the Chippawa before ordering Scott to reconnoiter north. Locating the British along Lundys Lane, Scott immediately moved to attack on July 25. Though outnumbered, he held his position until Brown arrived with reinforcements. The ensuing Battle of Lundys Lane lasted until midnight and was fought to a bloody draw. In the fighting, Brown, Scott, and Drummond were wounded, while Riall was wounded and captured. Having taken heavy losses and now outnumbered, Brown elected to fall back on Fort Erie. Slowly pursued by Drummond, American forces reinforced Fort Erie and succeeded in repelling a British attack on August 15. The British attempted a siege of the fort, but were forced to withdraw in late September when their supply lines were threatened. On November 5, Major General George Izard, who had taken over from Brown, ordered the fort evacuated and destroyed, effectively ending the war on the Niagara frontier. 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace Up Lake Champlain With the conclusion of hostilities in Europe, General Sir George Prevost, the governor-general of Canada and commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, was informed in June 1814 that over 10,000 veterans of the Napoleonic Wars would dispatched for use against the Americans. He was also told that London expected him to undertake offensive operations before the close of the year. Assembling his army south of Montreal, Prevost intended to strike south through the Lake Champlain corridor. Following the route of Major General John Burgoynes failed Saratoga Campaign of 1777, Prevost elected to take this path due to antiwar sentiment found in Vermont. As on Lakes Erie and Ontario, both sides on Lake Champlain had been engaged in a ship-building race for over a year. Having built a fleet of four ships and twelve gunboats, Captain George Downie was to sail up (south) the lake in support of Prevosts advance. On the American side, the land defense was headed by Major General George Izard. With the arrival of British reinforcements in Canada, Armstrong believed that Sackets Harbor was under threat and ordered Izard to leave Lake Champlain with 4,000 men to reinforce the Lake Ontario base. Though he protested the move, Izard departed leaving Brigadier General Alexander Macomb with a mixed force of around 3,000 to man the newly built fortifications along the Saranac River. The Battle of Plattsburgh Crossing the border on August 31 with around 11,000 men, Prevosts advance was harassed by Macombs men. Undaunted, the veteran British troops pushed south and occupied Plattsburgh on September 6. Though he badly outnumbered Macomb, Prevost paused for four days to prepare to assault the American works and to allow Downie time to arrive. Supporting Macomb was Master Commandant Thomas MacDonoughs fleet of four ships and ten gunboats. Arrayed in a line across Plattsburgh Bay, MacDonoughs position required Downie to sail further south and round Cumberland Head before attacking. With his commanders eager to strike, Prevost intended to move forward against Macombs left while Downies ships attacked the Americans in the bay. Arriving early on September 11, Downie moved to attack the American line. Forced to combat light and variable winds, the British were unable to maneuver as desired. In a hard-fought battle, MacDonoughs ships took a beating were able to overcome the British. During the battle, Downie was killed as were many of the officers on his flagship, HMS Confiance (36 guns). Ashore, Prevost was late in moving forward with his assault. While artillery on both sides dueled, some British troops advanced and were achieving success when they were recalled by Prevost. Having learned of Downies defeat on the lake, the British commander decided to call off the assault. Believing that control of the lake was necessary for the resupply of his army, Prevost argued that any advantage gained by taking the American position would be negated by the inevitable need to withdraw down the lake. By evening, Prevosts massive army was retreating back to Canada, much to the astonishment of Macomb. Fire in the Chesapeake With the campaigns underway along the Canadian border, the Royal Navy, guided by Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, worked to tighten the blockade and conduct raids against the American coast. Already eager to inflict damage on the Americans, Cochrane was further encouraged in July 1814 after receiving a letter from Prevost asking him to assist in avenging the American burnings of several Canadian towns. To execute these attacks, Cochrane turned to Rear Admiral George Cockburn who had spent much of 1813 raiding up and down the Chesapeake Bay. To support these operations, a brigade of Napoleonic veterans, led by Major General Robert Ross, was dispatched to the region. On August 15, Ross transports passed the Virginia Capes and sailed up the bay to join with Cochrane and Cockburn. Discussing their options, the three men elected to attempt an attack on Washington DC. This combined force quickly trapped Commodore Joshua Barneys gunboat flotilla in the Patuxent River. Pushing upstream, they swept aside Barneys force and began landing Rosss 3,400 men and 700 marines on August 19. In Washington, the Madison Administration struggled to meet the threat. Not believing Washington would be a target, little had been done in terms of preparation. Organizing the defense was Brigadier General William Winder, a political appointee from Baltimore who had previously been captured at the Battle of Stoney Creek. As the bulk of the US Armys regulars were occupied in the north, Winder was forced to largely rely on militia. Meeting no resistance, Ross and Cockburn advanced rapidly from Benedict. Moving through Upper Marlborough, the two decided to approach Washington from the northeast and cross the East Branch of the Potomac at Bladensburg (Map). Massing 6,500 men, including Barneys sailors, Winder opposed the British at Bladensburg on August 24. In the Battle of Bladensburg, which was viewed by President James Madison, Winders men were forced back and driven from the field despite inflicting higher losses on the British (Map). As American troops fled back through the capital, the government evacuated and Dolley Madison worked to save key items from the Presidents House. The British entered the city that evening and soon the Capitol, Presidents House, and Treasury Building were ablaze. Camping on Capitol Hill, the British troops resumed their destruction the following day before beginning the march back to their ships that evening. 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace By the Dawns Early Light Emboldened by their success against Washington, Cockburn next advocated for a strike against Baltimore. A pro-war city with a fine harbor, Baltimore had long served as a base for American privateers operating against British commerce. While Cochrane and Ross were less enthusiastic, Cockburn succeeded in convincing them to move up the bay. Unlike Washington, Baltimore was defended by Major George Armisteads garrison at Fort McHenry and around 9,000 militia who had been busy building an elaborate system of earthworks. These latter defensive endeavors were overseen Major General (and Senator) Samuel Smith of the Maryland militia. Arriving at the mouth of the Patapsco River, Ross and Cochrane planned a two-prong attack against the city with the former landing at North Point and advancing overland, while the navy attacked Fort McHenry and the harbor defenses by water. Going ashore at North Point early on September 12, Ross began advancing towards the city with his men. Anticipating Ross actions and needing more time to complete the citys defenses, Smith dispatched 3,200 men and six cannon under Brigadier General John Stricker to delay the British advance. Meeting in the Battle of North Point, American forces successfully delayed the British advance and killed Ross. With the generals death, command ashore passed to Colonel Arthur Brooke. The next day, Cochrane advanced the fleet up the river with the goal of attacking Fort McHenry. Ashore, Brooke pushed on to the city but was surprised to find substantial earthworks manned by 12,000 men. Under orders not to attack unless with a high chance of success, he halted to await the outcome of Cochranes assault. In the Patapsco, Cochrane was hampered by shallow waters which precluded sending forward his heaviest ships to strike at Fort McHenry. As a result, his attack force consisted of five bomb ketches, 10 smaller warships, and the rocket vessel HMS Erebus. By 6:30 AM they were in position and opened fire on Fort McHenry. Remaining out of range of Armisteads guns, the British ships struck the fort with heavy mortar shells (bombs) and Congreve rockets from Erebus. As the ships closed, they came under intense fire from Armisteads guns and were compelled to draw back to their original positions. In effort to break the stalemate, the British attempted to move around the fort after dark but were thwarted. By dawn, the British had fired between 1,500 and 1,800 rounds at the fort with little impact. As the sun began to rise, Armistead ordered the forts small storm flag lowered and replaced with the standard garrison flag measuring 42 feet by 30 feet. Sewn by local seamstress Mary Pickersgill, the flag was clearly visible to all of the ships in the river. The sight of the flag and the ineffectiveness of the 25-hour bombardment convinced Cochrane that the harbor could not be breached. Ashore, Brooke, with no support from the navy, decided against a costly attempt on the American lines and began retreating towards North Point where his troops re-embarked. The successful defense of the fort inspired Francis Scott Key, a witness to the fighting, to write The Star-Spangled Banner. Withdrawing from Baltimore, Cochranes fleet departed the Chesapeake and sailed south where it would play role in the wars final battle. 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace

Q1. Summarize the Globalization Debate. What Are the Major...

Q1. Summarize the globalization debate. What are the major interest groups in the world economy? How are they affected by different element of globalization? INTRODUCTION Today and more than ever before, the world has become a â€Å"global village† with the expansion of the communication networks, the rapid information exchange, the gradual shrink of borders and of attachment to identities and citizenship, the lifting of the barriers of visas and passports, the consecration of a new era when national sovereignty and the authority of the nation-state is fading away in favor of regional groupings, international organizations and international legality and law. This means the beginning of the return to the universal trend which is imposed by†¦show more content†¦A vibrant debate on these issues has developed in which it is possible to distinguish three broad schools of thought, which we will refer to as the hyper globalizes, the skeptics, and the transformation lists. In essence each of these schools may be said to represent a distinctive account of globalization an attempt to understand and explain this social phenomenon. For the hyper g lobalizes, contemporary globalization defines a new era in which peoples everywhere are increasingly subject to the disciplines of the global marketplace. By contrast the skeptics, such as Hirst and Thompson, argue that globalization is essentially a myth which conceals the reality of an international economy increasingly segmented into three major regional blocs in which national governments remain very powerful. Interestingly, none of these three schools map directly onto traditional ideological positions or worldviews. Within the hyper globalist’s camp orthodox neoliberal accounts of globalization can be found alongside Marxist accounts, while among the skeptics conservative as well as radical accounts share similar conceptions of, and conclusions about, the nature of contemporary globalization. Moreover, none of the great traditions of social enquiry liberal, conservative andShow MoreRelatedMarketing Discussion15807 Words   |  64 PagesCHAPTER 1 :- DEFINING MARKETING FOR THE 21st CENTURY MARKETING DEBATE—Does Marketing Create or Satisfy Needs? Marketing has often been defined in terms of satisfying customers’ needs and wants. Critics, however, maintain that marketing does much more than that and creates needs and wants that did not exist before. According to these critics, marketers encourage consumers to spend more money than they should on goods and services they really do not need. Take a position: Marketing shapes consumerRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesthe environment The nature of the marketing environment The evolution of environmental analysis The political, economic, social and technological environments Coming to terms with the industry and market breakpoints Coming to terms with the very different future: the implications for marketing planning Approaches to environmental analysis and scanning Summary 5 Approaches to customer analysis 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Learning objectives Introduction Coming to terms with buyer behaviourRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagessuccessfully investing in and managing these assets lies in understanding not only what the value is but also the sources of the value. Any asset can be valued, but some assets are easier to value than others and the details of valuation will vary from case to case. Thus, the valuation of a share of a real estate property will require different information and follow a different format than the valuation of a publicly traded stock. What is surprising, however, is not the differences in valuation techniques acrossRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 Pagesthis work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fi fth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan ® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is

Woman in Black

Woman in Black- drama coursework Essay The Woman in Black was written by Susan Hill in 1983, but was first published by Hamish Hamilton in 1983 as a hardback book. Most of the ideas for the Woman in Black came from M.R James. In 1989, The Woman in Black went onto television as a film thanks to a television writer called Nigel Kneal. In 1987, it became a stage play, and was first performed in Scarborough at the Theatre-by-the-sea. Then in 1989, the stage play moved to the Fortune theatre in Londons west end. A young solicitor goes to stay at a house on the Nine lives causeway, and experiences lots of strange and scary noises and haunting as he goes through some of Mrs Drablows papers. The main haunting noise he hears is of a horse and cart that crashed, followed on by the severe screaming of a young child and a woman. One day Mr Kipps goes to a funeral, and sees a woman dressed in black with a pale and wasted face, standing amongst a group of young children. Mr Kipps realises there is more to Alice Drablow then he thought. In Crythin Gifford, nobody is happy to talk about the history of Mrs Drablow or the woman in black, for when they tried to find out, it caused them great pain and fear. When the solicitor talks to Mr Kipps, he finds out that Jennet Humfrye, sister to Mrs Drablow had a child, but could not look after it. So the baby boy was adopted by Mrs Drablow and her husband, who both insisted that the boy should never know that Jennet was his real mother. After a long while of Jennet trying to get contact with him, she was eventually allowed to be his nursemaid, as long as she never told him the truth. One day Jennets son was on a pony and trap going along the causeway, and it got lost and sunk into the marshes, which killed everybody on it. Jennet was looking out the window of Eel Marsh house, and saw this. She died later and started to haunt Eel marsh house and Crythin Gifford with revenge. She was now known as the woman in black. According to local people there, if somebody saw the woman in black, the death of a child would occur later, and this did happen, when Arthur Kipps returned to London. He gets married and has a child. He goes to the fair one day with his wife, Stella and his child, and the wife and child decide to get on the pony and trap. Mr Kipps sees the woman in black once more, and the pony and trap crashes, killing the child and badly injuring Stella. Stella later dies. The main characters in the woman in black are:  Ã‚  Arthur Kipps (Michael Burell)  Ã‚  The actor (Dominic Marsh)  Ã‚  The woman in black (Paul Shelley and Damien Matthews)  On lesson one, the whole class gathered into a circle, and we turned the lights off. We were in the drama studio, and were gathered around a small paper fire lit up orange. The laptop was on playing lots of spooky and noises, making the class very tense and anxious. This was the day of Halloween, which made the tension build even higher, for we were expecting something to happen on Halloween. One by one we told ghostly experiences, and certain people kept saying they heard noises or saw white specks of light flying across the ceiling. Lots of suspension had been built up. This caused everybody to cling to people beside them, for they became really paranoid. Then, about 10 minutes into the lesson, the door handle on the cupboard beside the entrance door had been placed down a little bit. This kept on happening every few minutes, which kept causing everybody to point, scream and gasp. I particularly felt extremely scared and paranoid, for I was sitting in a position in the circle where I was in front of it. Even though I was at a distance, I still felt terrified. Some people were so scared they were either really shaking or close to tears. I kept on hearing scratching noises, and could not stop looking behind me. .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .postImageUrl , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:hover , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:visited , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:active { border:0!important; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:active , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Duffys Poem EssayStephanie Charles went to open the door, and it flew open, with a dark figure standing there in a white mask. We were absolutely petrified, and could not think about anything else, but to get as far away as possible.  The main explorative strategy that went on was narration, which is when a character talks and tell the story to the audience, and what certain characters are about to do. This helped me to understand that it depends on how the narrator tells the story to make it scary, and how much tension and suspense that can be built up. It also helped me see that when your scared, you do not know what to do. This relates to the part in the woman in blac k when Arthur saw the woman in black in the graveyard, and he just ran away for he was really frightened. This helps me to understand the play, because I now see that Arthur did not want to tell his wife about seeing the woman in black, for he knew his children would die one day when he saw her again. On lesson two, we got into pairs, and told each other about our ghostly experiences. We chose the worst story, and got together with another pair, Sophie Moore and Stephanie Orford to act the story out. The worst story was Stephanie Charles, when she was doing a Ouija board with 3 other friends, and one of her friends fainted, because they felt the feelings of death. The role play me, Stephanie Orphord and Sophie Moore played was the 3 friends who were participating, and Stephanie Charles did all the communication with the spiritual side, and putting all our forefingers on the glass, allowing it to be moved by the ghost. I also played the friend who fainted from feeling death. When we performed it on stage to everyone, we sat round in a circle, but made sure our backs were not facing the audience. We also left a gap in the circle, allowing the audience to see how we were acting out our fingers being moved when they were on the glass.  This activity helped us to explore the idea of telling tales, because we realised how to build up suspension between us and the audience, and how curious mysterious situations made the audience. Adding in certain situations taught us on how to keep the audience watching, and how to surprise them when they least expect it. Explorative strategies we used was role play, which is when a certain person takes on the role, situation, emotions and personality of a certain character. I used role play when I took the role of fainting. This helped me understand how dangerous and how terrifying doing something like a Ouija board is, and how it can go very wrong. It also helped me to understand the play, because it helped me see how worried and scared Arthur Kipps must have been when his child and wife died. This situation relates to me fainting, for it shows how petrified and worried my friends would have been for me.

Effectiveness Of Employee Involvement †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness Of Employee Involvement. Answer: Effectiveness of employee involvement Employee involvement can have a positive impact on the performance of employees. The fact that the decisions and thoughts of the employees are taken into account by the managers acts a motivation for the employees (Wallace et al. 2016). Hence, the factors that support the involvement of employees include excellent opportunities for career development, transparency and the level of learning that the employees may get. These factors are supported by the fact that the motivation of the employees plays an important role in the success of an organisation. Moreover, the decisions of the employees play a crucial role, as the employees are involved in the designing of the products. Hence, the managers cannot generate the ideas that can be generated by the employees while designing a product. This also provides a learning experience for the employees as wrong decisions can help them to understand their mistakes. Hence, such experience can allow the employees to become a future leader and stri ve for the success of a company. Level of involvement required According to Andries and Czarnitzki (2014), it is important for managers to provide a level of involvement for the employees. Some of the decisions regarding designing, manufacturing or technical expertise can be consulted with the employees involved in these fields. However, the level of involvement needs to be checked so that the employees do not get enough freedom to take decisions at random. Hence, the level of involvement needs to be limited to only in the field of expertise. Managerial decisions such as planning or appraisal system need to be made confidential. These are top-level decisions that are to be made without the involvement of the employees. However, freedom needs to be provided to the employees in terms of applying any innovative tactics. Such freedom allows the employees to be more creative in their work. Thus, an involvement of the employees needs to be limited to the field of work rather than any managerial activities. References Andries, P. and Czarnitzki, D., 2014. Small firm innovation performance and employee involvement.Small Business Economics,43(1), pp.21-38. Wallace, J.C., Butts, M.M., Johnson, P.D., Stevens, F.G. and Smith, M.B., 2016. A multilevel model of employee innovation: Understanding the effects of regulatory focus, thriving, and employee involvement climate.Journal of Management,42(4), pp.982-1004.